Act One Of Othello Essay -- essays research papers

What Is ShakespearesAchievement In Act I Of Othello?Shakespeares sustain personal aim was not to write a social and political reflection of his era, as many contemporary lectors believe, it was purely and simply, to entertain his earshot. This does not fuddled that there can be no social and political reflections within Othello, it means that the reflections are there, not for the pastime of social and political commentary, but for the sake of entertainment and pleasure. Aristotle explained in Poetics that the audiences pleasure consists not merely in observing the play, but criticizing, evaluating and making comparisons. These activities produce pleasure, thus it is not a mindless pleasure. There must be intellectual and emotional engagement on the spectators part. According to Aristotle, to stimulate the intellectual engagement of the audience and thus take in this pleasure in the spectator, a masterful piece of art or literature must contain a degree of equivocalness in its ideas. This is the reason for the social commentaries that Shakespeare includes in his workThe play commences with two characters apparently arguing over money. Shakespeare immediately sets the mood of conflict for the remainder of the play, it is of the essence(p) because the reader at the outset is given a choice who to believe and who is right. Shakespeare instantly sets about creating the mood of ambiguity which will result in the reader contemplating and analyzing the situation in hand. This will, according to Aristotle, create pleasure for the audience.As with all Shakespeares plays, Othello is written (for the very vast majority) in a form of rhythm and with a definite rhythm. This helps the general flow of the text, and when the rhythm is broken, we are alerted to a significant event or to a particular trait in a character. When Iago tries to insult and animalize the Barbary horse Othello, to Brabantio (line 108), verse reverts to prose and we are alerted to the evils beh ind Iagos deeds. Shakespeare, so far, is strictly adhering to Aristotles guidelines and certain(prenominal)ly understands the essential qualities of art itself. In Poetics it is explained that voice communication into which enter rhythm, harmony and song will create each kind of artistic ornament necessary to imitate an action that is serious, complete and of a certain magnitude (Aristotles description of tragedy).In the... ...r and battle against the Turks, and heeds Othello to prepare to depart for Cyprus. Brabantio, before his depature, turns to Othello and warns him against trusting Desdemona, for she has deceived her father and may thee. The subconscious seeds of mistrust have been deep-rooted in Othellos mind by Brabantio, this is dramatic irony and warns the audience that the future of the marriage will not be as smooth as the nave lovers expect.In the act finishes with the almost satanic Iago warning of his deception to come, he shows us that the Barbarian and a super-su btle Venetian will not experience calmly. If the audience is in any doubt as to Iagos feelings for the Moor, he explains I hate the Moor. He goes on to outhline the plan of double dishonesty that he shall use to split the lovers in an act of serious deception.The first act of Othello signals to the audience the coming themes of love and war, deception and trust and arguably stereotypes. The issues Shakespeare brings to light, create thought and internal debate, this leads to the pleasure that Aristotle described and achieves Shakespeares primary aim to entertain.

Causes of the American Civil War Essay -- American History USA Essays

Causes of the the Statesn Civil fight The American Civil War was a military conflict between the United States of America (the Union), and 11 secessionist Southern states, organized as the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). It was the culmination of four decades of intense sectional conflict and it reflected deep-seated economic, social, and political differences between the northern and the South. One of the major causes of the Civil War was the seemingly endless political disputes over thrall in the Mexican Cession and Louisiana Purchase territories. It was haughty that the Democratic and Whig political leaders maintain harmony between their Southern and Northern supporters, thus, the platforms of both during presidential elections like that of 1848 tried to avoid that particular slavery question. But the extension of slavery into the new territories was one of the largest issues of the time, and with growing opposition from the North, evasion of it became inc reasingly difficult. Another significant cause of the war was the growth of different responses to antislavery practices such as the Underground Railroad and reactions to runaway slaves and the Fugitive Slave laws that spurred from all sections of the country. Finally, there was the economic distress factor, of both foreign and domestic roots, that include everything from tariffs to the financial crash of 1857. These in turn caused sectional disputes over the use of the federal governments public lands.In early 1848, when gold was discover in California, a horde of adventurers poured into the valleys. (Bailey, 400). Free-soilers and slaveryites argued over the proposed issue of slavery in the territories, and thus, whether the terrain itself was suitable for a slave economy. In Congress on August 8, 1846, daddy Representative David Wilmot moved an amendment that, as an express and fundamental condition of the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexiconeither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever go in any part of said territory, (CG, 1217) releasing the pent-up ire of northern Democrats, many of whom cared less about the slavery issue itself than about their own authority within the party. But the northern Whigs, who had a more consistent antislavery record, volunteered support for the proviso. This bipartisan northern coa... ...d. Besides these, there were secondary reasons, as well, legion(predicate) and piled-up from decades of conflicting interests. All of these contributed in producing, measured in physical devastation and human lives, the costliest war in the experience of the American people.BibliographyAmerican Civil War Wikipedia 2014 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_WarBailey, Thomas A., and David M. Kennedy. The American Pageant. Lexington, Massachusetts D.C. Heath and Company, 1994.Rozwenc, Edwin. The Causes of the Civil War. Lexington, Massachuesetts D.C. Heath and Company, 1972.Congressional Globe, 29 Congress, 1 Sess.Friedheim, William, and Ronald Jackson. Freedoms Unfinished Revolution. forward-looking York American social History Productions, 1996.Mcpherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom The Civil War Era. New York Oxford University Press, 1988.Nevins, Allan. The Emergence of Lincoln Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1950.Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1947.

Cuba and Tourism Essay example -- Latin America

Cuba and tourismErnest Hemingway was no tourist, but his attraction to Cuba was much like that of the rest of America. The beautiful beaches and tropical climate helped him spare novels, but he also loved the daiquiris at the Floridita, the fishing, and the adventurous bootleggers from Florida. Cuba has its beautiful beaches and fish-filled waters, but part of the attraction as well has historically been the plentiful comical and the anything goes atmosphere. The casinos and nightclubs frequented by tourists bring with them an unsavory element in the form of organized crime and prostitution. Tourism has its benefits, but in Cuba it is a clear reminder of the islands dependence on wealthy foreign nations for its survival, and the disparity in income between Cubans and their neighbors to the north. The dollar-based society a tourist economy creates is deeply stratified, and conflicts with the ideals of the Castros socialist revolution. Yet in juvenile years it has proven to be a goo d source of hard currency for the struggling economy, and efforts are being made to expand the industry. By promoting tourism, Cuba is victorious advantage of its beauty, but is opening itself to unfortunate exploitation.The Playground for North AmericansIn his essay Tourism Development in Cuba, historian Derek R. Hall describes Cuba in the earlier 1900s as a playground for North Americans. Just ninety miles from the coast of Florida, Cubas close proximity and near-perfect weather made it the premier attraction in the Caribbean for American tourists. Americans had always traveled to Cuba, even when it was still a Spanish colonial possession. Businesses in the United States had invested extensively in Cuba, and the two were big trading partners. Cu... ...om Tourism & The Less Developed Countries, Harrison, David, editor. Belhaven Press, London, 1992. Page 110.14. Eckstein, Page 39. (handout)15. Ibid, Page 67-68.16. Hall, Derek R., Tourism Development in Cuba, from Tourism & Th e Less Developed Countries, Harrison, David, editor. Belhaven Press, London, 1992. Page 113.17. Grossman, Cathy Lynn. Sea change for tourism in Cuba Visitors find island in flux, USA Today, January 19, 1996, page 5D. 18. Benesch, Susan. Angling for tourists, Cuba hosts Playboy, St. Petersburg Times, January 31, 1991, Page 19A. 19. Boudreaux, Richard., Cuba Hopes Its Doctors Can Cure the Economy, Los Angeles Times, February 19, 1991, Page 4, Column 1. 20. Lapper, Richard., Its back on the road to prosperity Tourism. Financial Times (London), March 24, 1999, Page 3.21. Ibid, Page 3.

Biography Of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky :: essays research papers

Biography of U.S. exemplification Janice D. Schakowsky (D-IL)Jan Schakowsky was elected to represent Illinois 9th congressional zone on November 3, 1998, after serving for eight days in the Illinois state Assembly. The 9th Congressional District encompasses city and suburbs, including the North Lakeshore ofhicago, Evanston, Skokie, Niles, Morton Grove and several Northwest Side neighborhoods.A consumer and senior citizen advocate U.S. exemplification Jan Schakowsky has fought throughout her line of achievement for economic and social improved life. She is support of universal health care coverage for all Americans, to investment in public education, ando seniors citizens, working families, and women issues.Schakowsky is alive(p) in the campaign to give 39 million senior citizens and persons with disabilities access to affordable prescription drugs. Schakowsky is also working to ensure that seniors flummox quality home, hospice, and nursing home care.In 1969 Schakowsky led t he fight that put freshness dates on products sold in the supermarket, Schakowsky carries on that tradition in Congress. She introduced the monetary Consumers Bill of Rights Act, a comprehensive bill to put an end to ATM surchges and exorbitant bank fees, and to deliver real financial privacy protections for consumers. In her firstborn term in office, she was successful in including provisions in major legislation to expand housing opportunities for low-income people and to assist small business owners and farmers. She is an progressive member of the Congressional Human RightCaucus and is a champion of expanding our nations hate crime laws. Following the vicious hate crimes committed against her constituents and others over the fourth of July weekend in 1999, her bill condemning acts of hate was passed by the full House.She active in protecting children and putting an end to catalyst violence. In 1999, she nonionised the first bailiwick womens forum on gun safety in Chicago a nd is working against the gun lobby to pass sensible gun safety measures that would salve lives. Schawsky also introduced major bills to increase federal assistance for abused women and children and to protect the rights of battered immigrant women.Schakowsky is working to deliver to the people of the 9th Congressional District superior service and a voice in congress when dealing with federal agencies. Representing one of the most diverse districts in the nation, Schakowsky immediately took on tImmigration and naturalisation Service on behalf of her constituents in order to bring to an end the agencys culture of the customer is always wrong.Biography Of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky essays research papers Biography of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky (D-IL)Jan Schakowsky was elected to represent Illinois 9th Congressional District on November 3, 1998, after serving for eight years in the Illinois State Assembly. The 9th Congressional District encompasses cit y and suburbs, including the North Lakeshore ofhicago, Evanston, Skokie, Niles, Morton Grove and several Northwest Side neighborhoods.A consumer and senior citizen advocate U.S. Representative Jan Schakowsky has fought throughout her career for economic and social improved life. She is support of universal health care coverage for all Americans, to investment in public education, ando seniors citizens, working families, and women issues.Schakowsky is active in the campaign to give 39 million senior citizens and persons with disabilities access to affordable prescription drugs. Schakowsky is also working to ensure that seniors receive quality home, hospice, and nursing home care.In 1969 Schakowsky led the fight that put freshness dates on products sold in the supermarket, Schakowsky carries on that tradition in Congress. She introduced the Financial Consumers Bill of Rights Act, a comprehensive bill to put an end to ATM surchges and exorbitant bank fees, and to deliver real financial privacy protections for consumers. In her first term in office, she was successful in including provisions in major legislation to expand housing opportunities for low-income people and to assist small business owners and farmers. She is an active member of the Congressional Human RightCaucus and is a champion of expanding our nations hate crime laws. Following the vicious hate crimes committed against her constituents and others over the 4th of July weekend in 1999, her bill condemning acts of hate was passed by the full House.She active in protecting children and putting an end to gun violence. In 1999, she organized the first national womens forum on gun safety in Chicago and is working against the gun lobby to pass sensible gun safety measures that would save lives. Schawsky also introduced major bills to increase federal assistance for abused women and children and to protect the rights of battered immigrant women.Schakowsky is working to deliver to the people of the 9th Congr essional District superior services and a voice in congress when dealing with federal agencies. Representing one of the most diverse districts in the nation, Schakowsky immediately took on tImmigration and Naturalization Service on behalf of her constituents in order to bring to an end the agencys culture of the customer is always wrong.

Black Death :: essays research papers

Page 1In the later part of the middle ages, an epidemic was unleashed upon society. cleansing almost half of the population, the black death not only changed, or ended the lives of everybody in its path, it also left a dark cloud procrastinating over humanity for decades after. At a time when the population of Europe was at an all time high, food was scarce. The passel of Europe were not disposed(p) to fight this terrifying new disease that couldnt even begin to understand.This catastrophe did more then kill, it changed the structure of life in the middle ages, two the church and state were effected. Surprisingly the public officials treated this as a disease, not as the wrath of a vengeful divinity fudge on a society of sinners. Although for the people who were dying, or who were seeing their families and neighbors killed, their judgment day had arrived. It would be difficult to keep your faith at a time of great tragedy, if god wasnt doing this to them, then why was he lettin g it happen? Religion usually stabilizes a society and brings the people together, but in this case, the faith of the people was among the list of casualties. God had always served as a beacon of hope in uncertain times, and made the people feel safe and cared after. But at a time when entire families and towns are being wiped out, rich and poor a identical, faith in god was dieing as fast as the people were. When kings and nobles started to wither at the hands of this monster, it really painted a dark picture for the rest of society, it proved that nobody was safe. The rich already had more food and breach health to start with, which made them somewhat more resistant to the plague, but in the end even they could not escape death. The cities were abandoned rapidly by those who could leave. No amount of power or wealth could save them from their grim fates. When priests and popes began dying, faith was no longer enough. The plague was accompanied by chaos and panic. tribe could no t understand for what Page 2they were being punished. Most took precautions and hoped for the best. Some accepted that there was nothing they could do about it and felt that they had to live like everyday was their last.

Black Death :: essays research papers

Page 1In the later part of the middle ages, an epidemic was unleashed upon society. Killing almost half of the nation, the black death not still changed, or ended the lives of everybody in its path, it also left a shadowy cloud lingering over humanity for decades after. At a time when the population of Europe was at an all time high, food was scarce. The people of Europe were not prepared to fight this terrifying new disease that couldnt thus far begin to understand.This catastrophe did more then kill, it changed the structure of life in the middle ages, both the church and state were effected. Surprisingly the public officials treated this as a disease, not as the wrath of a vengeful god on a society of sinners. Although for the people who were dying, or who were seeing their families and neighbors killed, their judgment mean solar day had arrived. It would be difficult to keep your faith at a time of great tragedy, if god wasnt doing this to them, then why was he letting it buy the farm? Religion usually stabilizes a society and brings the people together, but in this case, the faith of the people was among the list of casualties. God had always served as a shine of hope in uncertain times, and made the people feel safe and cared after. But at a time when entire families and towns are being wiped out, plenteous and poor alike, faith in god was dieing as fast as the people were. When kings and nobles started to perish at the hands of this monster, it really painted a dark picture for the rest of society, it proved that nobody was safe. The rich already had more food and better health to start with, which made them somewhat more disgustful to the plague, but in the end even they could not escape death. The cities were abandoned rapidly by those who could leave. No amount of power or wealth could pull round them from their grim fates. When priests and popes began dying, faith was no longer enough. The plague was accompanied by chaos and panic. People could not understand for what Page 2they were being punished. to the highest degree took precautions and hoped for the best. Some accepted that there was nothing they could do about it and felt that they had to live like everyday was their last.

Change over Time: Christianity’s Impact on Europe Essay

Change Over Time Christianitys Impact on Europe Christianity had lot its regularise widely over the Mediterranean well before 1500. Many of the worlds major religions rose during the same time as Christianity, merely Christianity didnt stand out during those times. There were other religions such as Islam and Hinduism that were uniting their people more and contributing more to the world than Christianity was. The development of the metempsychosis in Italy and the spreading of the Renaissance made Christianity a lot more popular.The period from 500 to 1700 marked a huge opportunity for Christianity, and the religion took benefit of that and left its mark on Europe. Although some cultural aspects remained the same and Christianity remained the dominant religion in Europe from 1500 to 1700, a lot of other cultural aspects, economics, and political characteristics changed due to Christianitys impact. Christianity continued to dominate Europe through the Renaissance period with litt le shifting to other religions Christianity stayed pretty much the same, aside from differences in Catholic and Protestant groups.Christianity remained a monotheistic religion, meaning that its followers believe in one god. Not only did this religion remain a major influence for the ordinary people of Europe, but it also influenced the artists and authors coming into the Renaissance. Christianity continued to be a huge source of power for the Pope and other religious leading during this time religion, essentially, gave these leaders more control and power. These leaders set up churches all across their areas in Europe, which continued to spread the influence of Christianity even more.Christianity remained a uniting source for the people which, in turn, led to making Europe a very rich and powerful force. Christianity remained a powerful force in Europe because a lot of the religious leaders were looking at continuing older Roman legacies. Even though Christianity developed after th e slide by of the Roman Empire, the Roman Catholic Church makes the declare of apostolic succession they claim a unique authority over all other churches because they claim they have a common heritage with Roman Catholic Popes centuries before.Because of historical significance and the need of wanting to bring back older Roman and tortuous religious traditions, Christianity was able to continue to dominate Europe through the influence of the church during 1500 to 1700. With so much power, different aspects of life in Europe wouldnt remain the same. Because Christianity continued to remain the major source for power and influence in Europe, economic, political, and cultural changes were inevitable. Change over Time Christianitys Impact on Europe By amirlikecrazy

History and myth Essay

The Worlds Wife revises fairytale, history and myth and reworks it into contemporary, feminist fables. With reference to three of the poems in the volume break down the techniques employed by Duffy in writing contemporary feminist fables. Duffys volume The Worlds Wife is a collection of dramatic monologues where Duffy becomes a ventriloquist inventing the words, which famous, silent, wives from history or myth might have state. Her use of mood and play on clichi s creates a collective female voice where prevailing male characters are being criticised.Duffy reworks contemporary feminist fables and adopts different personae by employing different techniques, which are specially displayed in her poems, Mrs Midas, Mrs Lazarus and Mrs Aesop. Duffys use of witty humour in the poem Mrs Aesop allows her to condescend the male counterpart, by turning his famous fables against him and questioning his manhood. On the contrary, Mrs Lazarus portrays a more emotional persona grieving over he r husbands death, where her other half fails to consider the impact of his return.Similarly, in Mrs Midas, the male character is overcome by greed, blinding his ability to comprehend the repercussions of his actions. The figurative autobiographies allow Duffy to adopt a variety of dramatic personae and assume a multiplicity of voices, which portray issues and views sensitive to her own. She explores the notion of the self in relation to the other, particularly in the poem, Mrs Midas. The poet is able to present a wide range of emotions through the practical persona that feels a sense of exasperation due to her husbands selfishness.The sensual qualities of the persona are highlighted through the use of soft sounds, breath brow, and my fingers wiped the others glass. She is then depicted as multitalented, curiously in comparison to her husband who was standing under the pear-tree snapping a twig. His pointless and ridiculous activity belittles his usefulness and thus increasing his wifes, as it does not require much talent to carry out such an activity.The persona undertakes an anecdotal approach, principally when the tragedy is building up, belying the serious concern, I said and What in the name of God is going on? show the use of colloquial language, which help the personas voice emerge. The phrasing used passim the poet emphasizes her practicality and ability to make sense out of any situation, I served up the meal and So he had to move out, illustrate that she is not theatrical, yet is calm and logical, which is a comparison to her partners childish and immature behaviour, he toyed with his spoon.The persona is able to rise above him, assert her role and her use of bitter sarcasm introduces comedy to the poem. Duffys use of the clichi , which is commonly present in her poems, is used to show how worthless he has become and how shamed and fearful she is for him, as he is a fool who could not think beyond his short-term greed. Similarly, Mrs Lazarus, a lso has to face the consequences of her husbands return by and by she finally manages to deal with her grief over his death and move on.The dramatic persona created in this poem is extremely loyal to her husband and devastated at the particular that she has lost her other half. Howled, shrieked, clawed and one empty glove reinforce the imagery of suffering and grief-stricken state. She is a persona very communicative of her emotions and goes through the entire pain of her loss, even to the extent where there are images of suicide because of what she is feeling, double knot round my bare neck. The alliteration of soft, slept.. single..stuffed and jumpy sounds, gone gutted glove, bring emphasis to the range of her emotional suffering. As her memory of him and grief is receding, she develops a more practical, factual tone in her diction, thusly he was gone, showing that she has finally moved on. When her husband returns, her phrasing and diction changes and it begins to sound more harsh and bitter, rotting graves promiscuous chew, as a reflection of the fact that he is insensitive to her emotions, despite everything she has been through.

International Business- Walmart

INTERNATIONAL MARKET OF WAL-MART QUESTION Assignment 1 Chall(a)enges in international management Type Individual Format Essay (You atomic number 18 encouraged to use headings and/or sub-headings to separate the sections/cases of your essay. ) Word limit 2500 words (variation within 10% more or less is allowed) This activity is a platform to sharpen and demonstrate your know leadge and analytical skills in international crease. It is designed to religious service you achieve the learning come out of the closetcomes 1, 2 & 3. The assignment focuses on the actors of international business and their actions in the contemporary international business context.It likewise provides you with opportunities to link the international theories with the serve by analysing real- population examples from the academic point of view. Key Assignment Question How does international business organisation achieve its internationalisation objectives in the contemporary context? knead 1. Select a mu ltinational corporation. 2. Write a brief overview of the organisation and its mission/objectives related to international business(maximum 500 words for this section) 3.Select and then dissect the internationalisation edge of the organisation and its impacts on the international context (International business theories mess be adopted in this section) What did the organisation do to internationalise itself? i. e. environmental analysis, involvement with different actors, entry mode Please explain factors affecting the internationalisation form of your Multinational Corporation(MNC). What was the impact of these actions on the organisation and/or broader community (i. e. put ontain body politic, competitors, industry etc. ? (1,500 words) 4. Experience/lessons Learned(500 words) What experience and/or lessons should the organisation have learnt from the analysis? Why do you think they are of the essence(predicate) for their future(a) acting? What insights did you gain slightly international business in the contemporary context? SOLUTION Introduction The close to reputed and perhaps the biggest order in the realness in harm of sell. It has a proven track record for implementing successful business across the globe with its wonderful business practices and world class merchandising plans.Wal- Mart is a social club which has done business not only in the US notwithstanding also many countries across the globe. The community was conventional by surface-to-air missile Walton at Rogers, Arkansas in the year 1962. The business growth was in the track with a period of 17 years later on starting the society. By the end of financial year cc1, company already saw a turn over of one billion US dollars. With its legal foodstuffing strategies Wal-mart managed to make it reputation of being the largest seller in the world with revenue of 218 billion dollars.The companies continue growth in terms of revenue led the company to operate in the global level. The global operation started in the Mexico City in the year 1991. Its global presence has seen a new height, when it was free-base that more than 100 million customers have visited the Wal-mart retails globally. The number of associates stood at 1. 3 million which are on rolls of the company and has been diversified across 3200 stores in the US and more than 1000 stores across Canada, China, UK,, Germany, Korea ,Indonesia etc. Wal-Mart operates its stores in different versions worldwide.It is generally categorised in three main segments. Namely u Wal-mart Stores u Sams Club u International Stores It so-and-so be further differentiated into Discount Stores, Super centres and Neighbourhood market. (Lewis, 2011) Currently the company serves a rhythm 200 million members and customers in a week at little higher than 8000 units under various collaboration and banners in 15 countries. The sales have get across $400 billion mark and employees more than 2. 1 million people globally . It is a leader in sustainability, corporate philanthropy and employment opportunity.In the year 2008, the company found three major areas which are crucial at present for the company. The mission statement is to help people save money so they can live better. The crucial areas are health, power efficiency and moral foundation. These matters have been transformed into the broad objectives that are stated as under 1. Access to the world class health assist at an yieldable determine. 2. Minimize the power cost for the consumer. 3. Moral and Environmental issues to be taken care of before expanding the business network. .( besiegemart. com,2012)Internationalization of the process In the present business environment there are no fixed methods for globalisation of the business. As there are various complexities in the entire process of the business which varies from place to place and business to business. The standards of internationalization of the process of any business are set by the owners by themselves. In general view in terms globalization few concepts are relatively popular in terms of globalization of the process. The commonly followed strategies are as follows. * Exporting of the product Seeking for Licensing the product to some other company * Go out and give franchising opportunity to other company. * Joint venturing with the native country firms * oscilloscope up of a wholly owned subsidiary. Generally the experiment has proved that bring change to the on going firms international engagement, it lays down the rues and regulation for picture up foreign subsidiaries. Hence it perplexs important to include these variations and give more business ideas like, joint venturing, licensing and franchising opportunity (Lewis, 2011) Study of the factors undertaken before going GlobalBefore launching the Wal-Mart sign as other brand was lively in all the respect and with the increase in the revenue the company has achieved that comfortable level to go out and play in the international arena. Wal-Mart sensed the need of hour and knew that the international trade will give a good numbers in terms of sales and profits enhance the image and offer valuable ways by creating jobs in the process of globalization. An analysis has been done in this regard by the company. Before going multinational following are the analysis done by any companies for the matter of fact before developing the business plan.Commitment from the Employees group An effective plan for the employees in the group ranging from top level to executive junior level, all should be united, does not matter even if he is supplier, every one should be under one roof as an asset for companies effective execution of the process. Proper definition of the business plan for internal employees mustiness be designed to enter the international business environment. It becomes very much necessary to put a plan of action defining companys present status, objectives and commitment.I t will help to measure the results as whole. Very prominent factor is the investment how much the company is investing in the process of globalization whether it is 10-15% of the profit form the domestic market or options like pay as you can afford formula. The company analyzed the proper time frame up required for the launch of the company in the global market. It took time and patience to built and lasting world enterprise. then it has paid a lot to the wall mart in the long run. The best thing they did is the hosting of website keeping the international market in their mind.Though English is the most popular language in the world, but less than 30 % people can read it in the European continent. The numbers are further lower in Asia and South America. Multi lingual website has become the first choice of the MNCs so that they can effectively transmit the information without any barrier. Decision over the Product and services for the nations- It is very important to decide which p roduct to promote in the global market. Many goods provideed in the countries like America may be supported in Indonesia.The company has also launched an extensive market research. It is one of the proven tool for identifying the growth, developments and scope in the market. This enabled the company to find what kind of product is demanded in the market and major markets were targeted. Research related to the geographical location- In this volume based economy the company has selected the areas where the growth is relatively higher compared to the areas where the sales are at all time low. Thus the company has considered this factor before selecting the countries in particular.A good research was conducted in this regard for identifying the customers so that it can choose the location effectively. It has also taken care of the factors like the control over the business ventures. A perfect plan was prepared before hand in this regard. WalMart ever followed a dodging related to the export of the goods the companies effective style of displaying the product and other things has led the company to touch new heights in the retail sector in many countries. Legal factors- Any companies before going global always needs to meet the legal requirements and other issues related to the compliances.Thus the strategy of the company was designed in such a way, that they inducted layers, bankers and people from various legal and financial supports. This was one of the priorities of the company as they knew that without meeting this factor you cannot afford to run the company. The documentation and the approval from the government and other trade bodies were taken before entering in any country premises. Appropriate channels were utilise to get more and more out of the process. Pricing Factor- It is very important to test the price in the market.How the people receive the price in the menstruum situation? Then negotiate and determine the final pricing structure for the pro duct. Terms and conditions were researched and designed suitably for the customers as well as the company. Service and heir strategies- Wal-Mart knew that the customers satisfaction is the identify to the success of the business. The relationship with the customer should not end after the sales process, an effective feedback and after sales services were several(prenominal) of the key issues that were determined by the company.Cultural Aspects- it was one of the key agendas of the Wal-mart to take care of the cultural specific information and general courtesy related to the job and sustainability. The goal of the company was designed in such a way that it will be easier for the company to adapt and make it into their own culture. . Factors related to global alliance and partnership- retail giants like Wal-mart had an extensive parole and formulated policy regarding the alliances and partnership of the company in the different nations. It is an important matter of concern for the companies like Wal- mart to enter into the retail market.Many aspects are related in this matter like joining hands with company of similar capacity who are already in the market or search for any other alliance on profit sharing basis. The key policy Wal-mart implemented is that they treated employees as a most important valuable asset and business cannot survive without them, in this age of rapid development it is the emotional touch which helps the companies to grow. Taking the best possible care of company and employees, your suppliers and your customers, and your future will be bright, prosperous and happy.Going global doesnt have to be a scary proposition. By considering and developing these twenty substantive factors before going global, your organization can realize the full potential of globalization and capture dramatic revenue growth. (Dalaney, 2004) Major problems and hindrances faced With the ongoing process of globalisation, it is obvious that there will be competiti on in every aspect. Moreover, with perfect strategies and clever decision can enable the company to witness some robust growth. In the retail business Wal-Mart has also faced a lot of issues running the business.The key problem to mention is the competitor in the business line of retail. It is the Kmart, who gave competition to the Wal-Mart. Kmart in US is considered to be the second largest retail chain after Wal-mart. Both the retailers are highly successful in their business. Though, the strategies differ for both the players. Wal-Mart strategy is to set up stores in small towns and within small group of people, while Kmart is focused on to set up stores in be places. The kmarts strategy is to gain a larger market share , rather than the volumes.However Wal-mart has proved it from its sales figures where the sales are estimated to be greater by four times than that of Kmarts figures. The difference between both the companies sales figures stood at around $37 billion. The discou nt stores of the Wal-mart faired fairly well where the sales were about $385 per square feet considered as twice the amount of Kmart. Companys like Wal-Mart has proved it credibility in the field of success in not reliant on the size and quantity. Initially Wal- mart has also witnessed problem many good professional in the company says company lacked strategic vision.It has been widely argued that the company was unable to meet the expectation, that company popularised the mission statement where it was mentioned that customers expectation will be met by delivering quality products at lower price in the market. The company was concentrating to meet the basic necessities. (Global Strategy analysis, ivythesis) Wal-Mart in the Indonesia Once the company has gone International . It was one of the major challenge to the Wal-Mart was to find take away partner or companies who can popularize or make some sort of business understanding.In Indonesia being a good potential market. Wal-Mart h ad a discussion with the largest Indonesian retailer Pt Matahari Putra Prima to develop the concept of the hyper market asset. At the same time, Lippo Group an Indonesian Business group which controls Matahari through PT Multipolar, was also looking for global partners like Wal-Mart to expand its business. Howe ever the strategies of Walmart were very clear. Wal-mart wanted to acquire the hyper markets, along with a French retailer Casino Guichard Perrachon SA.In this process Lippo has hoped to generate a substantial amount of $ one billion. The partnership will give the Wal-mart to gain a significantly and control over the assets of Matahari Hypermarkets. The main source for Wal-mart in this regard is that, Indonesia is one of the most populated countries in the world and largest nation in terms of Muslim population. This deal could be a well-fixed deal as the Wal-mart wants to keep on moving by opening its stores in the middle east and South East Asian countries in the world. (W al-Mart in Indonesia, The writingonthewal) Conclusion and RecommendationIt has been a great experience studying the entire issue and a good number of lessons are was learned. Expanding the business to other nation can be attractive only when it is planned properly, it will add the value to the business. There are few vital points which we should remember to sustain the business in the international level which are outlined as follows. Is the company a business leader at home, these days the transformation of messages are very fast. Thus we can say that if it is popular brand in the country that means greater chance of doing business outside the nation.Followed by the business model in use- Each and every business model has its own pros and cons. Thus, the company should decide which mode to follow whether it will go for franchising, licensing, joint ventures or wholly owned. need the right partner for the process- It is important to choose the right business houses for the success of the business. In this matter verification of financial status, influence and reputation are some of the key aspect needs some special attention. In relatively smaller nation also check the political scenario which may be helpful.Study the country where to set up the business- It is important to study the rules and regulation that are imposed by the country. The tariffs and taxes related to the international business is also a matter of concern. basis related to the business- It is also an important factor before doing business in the foreign land. All the supporting infrastructure should be in line to support the business Key issues are whether you will get home support for the logistic and supply chain form home or any other alternatives needs to be used in this regard.Is the companys financial efficiency financial department to handle the foreign transaction and exchange in the currency? Moreover, once you are operating globally, there must be a department who can handle any k ind of queries and suggestion round the clock. Moreover operating model is also very important before going out for business. The cost in terms of supply, real estate and seasonality are also important. (ceoonline. com) Competitive pricing for the product, price drop is also necessary to study and offer the customers with some outcomes.A very close supervision is required in this regard for the fast and stable results. (BSAG,2011) References G. lewis, Researching International strategies of Australia viewed on April 12th,2012 www. Business. flinders. edu. au/research/papers/01-3. doc Global Strategy Analysis Wal-Mart, viewed on April, 13th,2012 http//ivythesis. typepad. com/term_paper_topics/2010/03/global-strategy-analysis-wal-mart. hypertext mark-up language Laural Delaney, December 16, 2004, 20 Factors to Consider before Going Global, viewed on April 13th, 2012 http//www. ntrepreneur. com/article/75138 Walmart in indonesia round 2, viewed on April 14th,2012 http//thewritingonthe wal. net/? p=12269 Expanding Internationally 8 Points To Consider Before Going Global, 2007, viewed on April, 13th,2012 http//www. ceoonline. com/pages/id22292. aspx Business strategy BSAG, viewed on April 13,2012 http//bsagweb. com/clients-stories/retail-company Daniel D. Bradlow, The Changing International Business Context, viewed on April 13,2012 http//www. ialsnet. org/meetings/business/BradlowDaniel-USA. pdf

Negative Communication

Negative communication is a kind of statement wherein the reviewer bequeath receive a disapproving message regarding a matter where he/she is concerned. These messages usually precede in an unpleasant negative reaction to the subscriber or receiver of the message so great caution is observed in order not to make the readers reaction worse than expected. scorn the fact that it results to a negative reaction to the reader, negative communication is still a part of any work. One situation is telling an employee who applied for a higher model in his company that he is not the one chosen for the position. An example of a letter having this kind of situation may be used in order to further describe the principles behind the construction of negative messages. The letter goes this wayJan. 04, 1979Anne Sweet Call Center Representative, Outbound service World Directory Los Angeles, California 91330-8245Dear Ms. Sweet Thank you for applying for the Team Leader position. Your qualifications are good and may improve as you work hand in hand in our company.I have examined your information and seen that your stay in the company is not long enough to equip you in being a better squad loss leader. You have been in the company for eight months and I am sure that you will continue to progress in the succeeding months or years to come. A greater amount of experience will make you more proficient. Also, a greater exposure to team building activities will enable you to be a better team leader in the future.Your good communication skills and good relationship with your coworkers are good points for you for these qualities are great points in order to be entitled as a team leader. Keep them up. SincerelyMr. HughesManager for Outbound Services In the letter, a buffer spring was used. After a brief beginning, the creator for the letter is stated but not directly. It tries to deliver to the reader that she has not been accepted for the team leader position. The reason however is directly stated so that the reader knows why she has not been accepted. The lead was stated right after the pace in order for the reader not to have false hopes regarding her application. Following the lead is a suggestion that will enable the reader to be a better team leader in the future.A suggestion is put here to make clear that she may still be able to be a good team leader given the stated suggestion. The suggestion was also the motivation used so that the reader will still do well in her product line and continue working in the company. A short but positive end is used in order not to increase the disappointment that the reader already have. Stating the positive points of the reader in the end will probably revive the reader and still hope for a better improvement and position in the company.It may be seen in the letter that it has not been directly stated that she was not qualified for the position. It has been in this manner because it may probably result to negative psyc hological set up to the reader and may perhaps, will discourage her to re-apply for the position even when she has already finished all the requirements. This kind of message was created very carefully so that the negative effects will not increase.As long as a negative message are to be delivered, good care and attention to the words that should be used should be taken into great consideration. It should always be put in mind that negative effects especially psychologically, may probably occur in great amounts if the message was not taken with great concern.References Writing Negative Messages. (21 August 2002) Retrieved on Apr 26, 2007 from http//homepages.wmich.edu/%7Ebowman/badnews.html liven the Lost Art. Retrieved on Apr 26, 2007 from http//www.csun.edu/%7Evcecn006/lettr.html

Piaget Theory of Children Cognitive Development Essay

Much of the research since the late 1950s on the discipline of role taking and clean understandings has its roots in the research conducted by Piaget in the 1920s. One thrust of Piagets theorizing in his earliest writings dealt with the mesmerism that kidskinren progress from an self-absorbed to a perspectivistic state. He proposed that babyren younger than 6 or 7 years of age do not intelligibly differentiate amongst egotism and others or between thoughts (the psychological) and external sluicets. A consequence of the failure to differentiate the self from others is that the tike is unable to take the perspective of another person.For instance, in communicating with others the child is unable to take into account the requirements of the listener. A consequence of the failure to differentiate thoughts from external events is that the child attributes an objective reality to internal intellectual events much(prenominal) as dreams. A major phylogenyal transition was posi ted to occur when the child shifts from an egocentric state to one in which the self is differentiated from others and in that remark is the ability to take anothers perspective. (Angela M. ODonnell, Alison King, 1999)However, the most extensive research in a complaisant domain undertaken by Piaget during this early achievement dealt with childrens moral judgments. Those were also the only studies on moral development to be done by Piaget. Three specific aspects of Piagets moral development theory had a substantial influence on later research. One was the characterization of moral development as a process of differentiating moral from nonmoral judgments. The assist was the proposed interrelations between general cognitive orientations and moral judgments.And the third was the proposed relations between changes in perspective-taking abilities and changes in moral judgments. (Jacques Montangero, Danielle Maurice-Naville, Angela Cornu-Wells, 1997). Piaget proposed that children pr ogress through two moral judgment levels (following an early premoral phase), the first being labeled heteronomous (generally corresponding to ages 3 to 8 years) and the second labeled autonomous. In the heteronomous level, the child has unilateral respect for adults (regarded as authority) and righteousness is, therefore, based on conformity.The right or good is seen by the child as adherence to externally determined and fixed rules and commands. The young childs morality of conformity and unilateral respect becomes transformed into a morality of cooperation and uncouth respect. The basis for the autonomous level is the emergence of concepts of reciprocity and equality. At this level, rules argon viewed as products of mutual agreement, serving the aims of cooperation, and thus be regarded as changeable. (Gwen Bredendieck Fischer, 1999).In formulating the levels of heteronomy and autonomy, Piaget studied childrens judgments about several specific issues, including rules, punishme nt, intentionality, deception, stealing, and distributive legal expert. A design description of the levels can be provided by considering some of the studies of childrens thinking about rules and about intentionality in situations involving property persecute, deceit, and theft. The definitions of the moral levels were derived, in part, from the way Piaget had inclose childrens general cognitive capacities.Two presumed characteristics regarding the increasing differentiations that occur with development were relevant. One proposed characteristic was the childs egocentricism, the failure to clearly distinguish the selfs perspective from that of others. A second relevant feature was the young childs failure to differentiate the physical world from social and psychic phenomena young children confuse the subjective and objective aspects of their experience. (Richard I. Evans, Eleanor Duckworth, 1973)According to Piaget, one concrete manifestation of young childrens inability to di fferentiate perspectives and to differentiate the physical from the social is their attitudes toward social rules. It was proposed that children at the heteronomous level view all social rules as absolute. The inability to take the perspective of others leads the child to assume that everyone adheres to the comparable rules. There is a failure to comprehend the possibility that rules may be relative to the social context or to an individuals perspective.In turn, there is an inability to clearly distinguish physical from social phenomena that leads to a confusion of social regularities with physical regularities, such that social rules are seen as fixed in much the same way as are physical regularities. For instance, Piaget maintained that children regard rules of games as unchangeable they believe it would be wrong to modify the rules of a game even if they were changed by general consensus. (Harry Morgan, 1997)Another manifestation of the young childs cognitive confusions is that judgments of right and wrong are based on the material consequences of actions, rather than the actors intentions or motives. Piaget examined the relative importance that children attribute to intentions and consequences in situations involving material damage, lying, and stealing. Younger children, it was found, attribute greater importance, in judging culpability, to amount of damage (e. g. , breaking the 15 cups accidentally is worse than breaking one cup intentionally), whereas older children attribute to a greater extent importance to the intentions of the actor.Similarly, younger children assess the wrongness of lying or stealing, not by the motives of the actor, but by their quantitative deviation from the truth or the amount stolen. In judgments about theft, for instance, children judging by consequences would verbalize that stealing a larger amount to give to a very poor friend is worse than stealing a lesser amount for oneself. (R. Clarke Fowler, 1998). In contrast with the heteronomous level, at the autonomous level respect is no longer unilateral, rules are not viewed as absolute or fixed, and judgments are based on intentions.Piaget proposed that these changes are stimulated by the increasing interactions with peers (such as in school) and the decreasing orientation to relations with adult authority that usually occurs during late childhood. Relations with political science (parents, teachers, etc. ), he maintained, are likely to lead to conformity and an attitude of unilateral respect on the part of the young child. That is, the child feels that the authorities are superior and that their dictates are right by virtue of their superior status.In narrate for the shift from a heteronomous to an autonomous orientation to occur the child mustiness more clearly differentiate the self from others and, thereby, be able to take the perspective of others. Relations with adult authorities who impose external rules upon the child are likely to reinforce a heteronomous orientation, whereas relations with peers are more likely to stimulate attempts to take the perspectives of others. Therefore, through increasing interactions with those he or she can extend to to on an equal footing, the child is stimulated to view his or her own perspective as one among many different perspectives.In the process, mutual respect replaces unilateral respect for authority and the bases of a sense of justice reciprocity, equality, and cooperation emerge. Rules are then regarded as social constructions, based on agreement, that serve functions shared by the participants of social interactions. The increasing awareness of others perspectives and subjective intentions leads to judgments that are based on intentionality rather than consequences. (John H. Flavell, 1963)In addition to the connections to general cognitive capacities, Piagets characterization of moral judgments was a global one in that development was defined as entailing a progressive diff erentiation of principles of justice (ought) from the habitual, customary, and conventional (is). In essence, the claim was that concepts of justice do not emerge until the autonomous stage. Thus, the heteronomous morality of constraint and unilateral respect is a morality of custom, convention and tradition, while autonomous morality of mutual respect and cooperation prevails over custom and convention.Prior to the development of concepts of justice, therefore, the child must progress through the simpler, conformity-based conventional orientation. In sum, Piaget proposed a model of development as the differentiation of domains of k straightledge. Only at more advanced stages are moral judgments and knowledge of the social order (or even morality and physical law) distinguished. It is precisely on this basis that Piaget thought it was methodologically valid to examine childrens concepts of rules of marble games as a means to understanding their moral reasoning. (Christopher M.Kribs- Zaleta, DLynn Badshaw, 2003) Piagets nonrecreational career has been devoted to exploring the possibilities of a psychological theory of theory of relativity. In this approach n any the subject, who knows, nor the object, which is known, commit absolute status. Each is conditioned on the other within a continually changing framework. Change occurs through interchanges of actions and reactions. Actions of the subject are like probes equivalent to statements by which the subject says I think you, the object, are such and such. When acted upon, objects act back, revealing who and what they are. Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Sharon J. Derry, 1998) Piagets contribution to the study of knowledge has been to escape the philosophic traps of subjectivity and objectivity. The former makes knowledge a self satisfying miscellany where, for the interest group of consistency, the subject creates concepts of objects and reality. This position tends toward error through failure to come to grips wit h the facts of reality. It puts the subject in control of deciding what reality is and, in the extreme, allows distortion for the sake of maintaining the subjects version of how things ought to be.Objectivity errs at the other end and, in its extreme, denies self-initiated definition, making the subject only a valid recorder of reality. torture can occur either through exposure to odd circumstances or through breakdowns in the subjects recording devices. The position of relativity seeks solution to both problems. Its clearest expression is found when both subject and object are given defining powers in their interactions. There is range agency, with the object presentment what it is just as forcibly as the subject reveals itself through its actions. (Hans G. Furth, 1987)With interactions as the basic reality, the context of knowledge is dynamic. It is also the means to knowledge insofar as subject and object are able to extract orderly relations from their interactions. These rel ations among actions and reactions color definitions of both agents. They are the medium for knowing and provide the name by which subject and object attain their forms. This is why, for example, Piaget argues that space, number, and the like, hang in open to redefinition throughout development. Numbers are not things to be grasped but are products from relations absent from subject-object interactions.True relations become expressed through numbering operations, which coordinate actions of the subject as well as reactions of objects. It appears that Piagets approach is unique among contemporary psychological theories by its treatment of relations as the topic of knowledge. Relations are primary, with subject and object being their products. For other theorists, these terms are turn subject and object are posited and relations come secondarily. In Piagets scheme, neither subject nor object ever gets to know one another with certainty. unneurotic they can work only toward relati ons that are reliable.Validity is always a relative matter, depending on current relations, which remain open to further redefinition. (Arthur J. Baroody, Alexis Benson, 2001) This backsheesh no doubt has stymied most attempts to bring Piagets work into the mainstream of psychological theories. It is like the essential key without which notes may sound similar but very render a different song. The stumbling block is evident, for example, in the many ways phenomena originally generated by Piagets position have undergone alteration when considered from the view of more familiar theories.Conservation provides the most telling illustration. Few, if any, of these alternative explanations deal with or care to deal with the phenomenon as a conservation of a subject-object relation. The more plebeian explanation states that number or amount is conceived as constant through physical changes in the object. Within Piagets framework, the physical changes are said to remain constant they are understood as but two versions of a single relation. The relation is between number- or amount-making actions, with their products made ostensible in the reactions of cubes, chips, or clay. Leslie Smith, Julie Dockrell, Peter Tomlinson, 1997) There is a tendency among contemporary theorists to credit Piaget with having shown that children are cognitively active and control rather than being controlled by external objects or other persons. This emphasis has clouded the fact that objects and persons are not benign, simply waiting for children to transform them into this or that conception. In order to put relations in clear relief, it is helpful to give these things their proper due in knowledge.It helps even to anthropomorphize their role. Objects are as active as children. They move, change shape, enlarge in size, fall off tables, roll, and otherwise respond when they are contacted. Each reaction is reciprocal to something children do. In the case of conservation, to use an example often cited by Piaget, the child who plays with pebbles in his or her back yard may come to understand number making operations because the stones react as they do to his or her manipulations.That which mud constant in making a row, then a circle, then a tower, and next two columns is only the relation among these actions from the child and the several reactions of the pebbles. (Leonora M. Cohen, Younghee M. Kim, 1999). It is now possible to outline the meaning of relations in the social domain where knowledge is based on interactions between the child and other persons.The following draft highlights the general points of the theory. (a) Children enter the world as actors, seeking order and regularity. This search describes their inherent motivation for knowledge. b) Children look for order first in their own actions by attempting to find that which is repeatable and reliable in execution of actions. (c) Insofar as actions make contact with other things, or persons, effects of act ions are not altogether under the control of the child. These things react in reciprocity to the actions exerted upon them and together the action and reaction produce effects that differ from those that would result from either alone. (d) This fact of double agency naturally widens childrens focus from action to interaction.Because other agents act in reciprocity to childrens actions, children are forced to seek explanations for change and order in the interplay between actors. The foregoing points can be summarized as follows. Suppose the child intends that an action have a particular outcome or effect. The child then executes the act in accordance with this intention. Suppose also that the act engages another person who adds to the original act with a reaction. The trades union of these actions may have an effect that is different from the childs intention or anticipation in performing the original act.It would be futile to seek order either in the childs or the other persons p arts, alone. This is why for Piaget, the child is led to seek a solution in the coupling and arrives at the conclusion that the actions of persons are reciprocally related. This is also why Piaget contends that naive egocentrism ends most probably during the childs first year. To maintain an egocentric posture, a child would have to deny the facts of reciprocity made evident through the thousands of interactions experienced in everyday dealings with other persons. Joy A. Palmer, Liora Bresler, David E. Cooper, 2001) (e) Thereafter, the childs search for order turns to identifying the forms of reciprocal relations that occur in interpersonal interactions.(f) Piaget suggests that there are two such forms. One is a flat and symmetrical reciprocity where ones action is free to match or counter the others action. The second is a reciprocity of escort where ones action must conform to the dictates set down by the others action. g) These two forms describe the basic relations in which pe ople order themselves as actors with respect to other persons, who are also actors. They provide the epistemic unit from which self and other achieve definition. (h) For Piaget, development produce as these relations are structured and restructured. They give rise to social and moral conceptions that pertain to the self, other persons, possible relations among persons, and principles of societal functioning, both interoperable as well as ideal. (Gavin Nobes, Chris Pawson, 2003)

Small Group Experiences

The aim to affiliate with others and to be accepted by them is hypothesized to be as basic to our psychological well being as hunger and thirst are to our physical well being (Raviester and Leary, 1995). (Meeting, Liking, and Becoming Acquainted, SPT Reader P. 50) unrivalled doesnt begin to realize how important social fundamental interaction is until it is gone. Each individual seeks some sort of relationship throughout his or her lives, even as an infant. Relationships are looked as a bond between ii individuals, scarce it is not limited between those two.People altogether have the need to affiliate, but not all people are the same and differ in the strength of their need for affiliation. When meeting new people in a pure multitude experience you are faced with umteen different emotions, situations, and many thoughts racing through your mind. If I viewed my small group experience through the c formerlypt of symbolic interaction theory, founded by Tom Shibutani, you begin to gain fellowship and an understanding of what is going on. The symbolic interaction theory is that people act on symbolic meanings that they find in situations.Immersing yourself into the small group allows one to perform different relationships around oneself. The challenge is to then create dual-lane and similar meanings. The meanings are then personalized by an interpretive process, and after being polished one looks to others to externally view our modifications. When doing this you develop your consume self-concept of one another. When we sat down as a group we each introduced ourselves. It was awkward at first, but then we all shared a similar thought and started to interact with each other to avoid awkward silence and situation.The definition of the situation is the reactions to the shared agreements between one another and each member of the group expected one another to participate in the activity and share ideas together. at a time established, we discussed the outp erform way to meet people, what we found attractive, and how to start a conversation. Realizing how easy it is to be uneasy of ones self-esteem, I started to question my self and internalizing the judgments and body gestures from my small group members. When sharing my self -image and personal experiences made me realize the similarities and differences amongst the group and myself.By engaging in a conversation of diverse issues and topics, I began to realize whom I relate to. Each member of the group, only aware of one similarity, attending the same class, seemed very shy and distanced from one another. At the start of the activity we were all conservative and shy of one another. Since not one member of the group took initiative to choose an engaging topic to talk about, it was difficult to create a conversation. It was awkward up until one person decided to pick a topic.When we shared the same views and interest towards that one particular topic, the group became more vivacious a nd aware of the other members in the group. Since acting timid at the start of the group, I began to gain confidence and more stability in my own self-esteem, once the group became vivid and energetic. Being timid leads to defense, since starting the small group in my defense up it was hard to become acquainted with other members of the group. Once we proceeded and broke the initial barrier of awkwardness, I began to feel more at ease and calm when approached by another member.According to Horneys theory, one consists of two selves a real self and an idealized self. The idealized self is very similar to an im contingent self. The real self is similar to a more possible self. When each individual were on similar energy levels, the group looked to be in sync with one another. Each individual in the group had a realistic view of themselves because of the lack of random behavior. I believe that not one of the group members was attempting to over achieve or be unconnected from the group .I acted shy at first approaching the situation in defense mode, and may have shown a lack of self-confidence, or the evaluation of my own self. I had a defense barrier when entering this small group experience exercise, but towards the middle of the conversation, I realized that my barrier was down and I was engaging in conversations as if I knew these individuals for years. Then I realized we all had similar opinions and set similar goals. Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needsbegin with Physiological ask like food, water, etc.Then Safety, Belonging, Esteem, and finally, Self-actualization, self-actualization is similar to self-fulfillment. If one cannot satisfy those basic needs you become susceptible to feelings and emotions of unhappiness. The personal need of mine in the group experience was to ask my peers a series of questions to gain information and to introduce myself to new individuals. I also wanted to feel like I accomplished my goals and feel like I did my part in this sm all group experience, these feelings lead to my self-esteem and my self-image.Having all shared the same feeling of fulfilling ones need amongst the group, brought the group together and helped me recognize my role. Each had their own interpersonal needs the need to feel apart of the group, and the need to control. This helped the group to the meaning to how and why we interacted in the first place. I believe once we finished he exercise that my won personal needs were met and so were that of the other individual. The needs that were fulfilled creating a sense of accomplishment and joy, we then exchanged email addresses and went separate ways.In conclusion to this experiment or experience, it was that of our basic and interpersonal needs that brought the group together. One looks for similar characteristics in others to fulfill our own wants and needs. Consciously and subconsciously one tries to satisfy ones own persons needs. The choices are made that decide who one wishes to surro und themselves with ground upon our judgments. Judgments decide a lot but most important it decides if one needs the person, then ultimately lead to one interacting or not.Bibliography Society and disposition Tamotsu Shibutani, 1961 Sociology 104 Reader Meloy and Mitchell

Medication Administration Essay

The intended use of practice of medicines is meant to improve a person health, it is very important the individual administering medicinal drug or self-medicating use the drugs correctly, by following the doctors instruction for the medicine prescribed. music is break upn to diagnose, treat, and prevent illness. Medication gouge be very dangerous, which stick out potentially pillowcase ill-use or even deaf if its not used properly. Administering medication requires the understanding of how the medication is to enter the body such as orally, transdermal, or intravenous. It alike requires the knowledge of when the medication needs to be administered, the possible side effects, and its toxicity. Doctors, nurses, and a few other professionals are trained and licensed to safely give medication and it is imperative they do it without harm. Training for professionals also includes proper storage, handling, and disposal of the drugs. Nursing responsibilities for drug administratio n includes the Three Checks and the Rights of Medication Administration. The nurse also has the state of the medication to be given. Before administering any medication, rather the medication is known or unfamiliar it is the issuer indebtedness to know well-nigh or why the medication is to be given. Knowing the mode of action will master that the medication given is appropriate for the diligents diagnosis.Its also the nurse responsibility to know the side effects of and the contraindications for the medication, as well as the antagonist, safe dosage range, interaction, with other drugs, precautions to take before administering, and the proper administration techniques. The Three Checks states that the nock on the medication package or container to be given should be checked three times during the preparation and administration. First check, read the label when stretchiness for the medication. Second, after retrieving medication from the drawer and compare it to the CMAR. And t hirdly, read the label when replacing the medication or before giving the unit dose medication to the patient. Medication error is due to the wrong drug, the wrong timing, the wrong dose, and the wrong route. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA 2009), the wrong route of administrating medication accounts for 1.3 million injuries each(prenominal) year.Read moreAdminister Medication and Monitor the EffectsAn article published in September issue of the Journal of Patient prophylactic estimates on that point are between 210,000 and 400,000 deaths per year associated with aesculapian errors. This makes medical errors the thirdleading cause of deaths in the United States, behind that comes heart disease and cancer. To prevent medical errors always follow the Three Checks and most importantly the Rights of Medication Administration. The Rights of Medication Administration helps to ensure accuracy when administering medication to a patient. When administering medication th e administer should ensure they have the Right Medication, Right Patient, Right Dosage, Right Route, Right Time, Right Route, Right Reason, and Right Documentation. Also remember the patient has the right to refuse, assess patient for pain, and always assess the patient for signs of effects.Medication administration is not just giving medicine to a patient it also involves observation of how the patient responds to the drug after administration. As a nurse or health professional were trained to know medication effects. Knowing how medication move through with(predicate) the body and what effects the medication has or what adverse effects may occur is most important when preventing medication errors. Medication mishaps can occur anywhere in the distribution trunk such as monitoring, administering, dispensing, repacking, or prescribing. The most common cause of errors occur when administering a drug happens when there is poor communication, problems breeding directions, medical ab breviations or hand writing misunderstood, poor procedures or teachings, job stress (most common), and lack of product knowledge.It is difficult to reduce or eliminate medication errors completely when information is absent, inaccurate, contradictory, or simply not reported. It is not exact that every medication error will cause harm, but think about the undetected errors that will. The undetected errors administering medication makes assessing the effectiveness of medications errors challenging and hard to prevent. Any nurse that has made a drug error knows how stressful the situation can be. The increasing demands and the amount of patients during work load can increase the chances to drug errors. Being overworked can affect concentration and competence, which can be exacerbated by fantastic working hours and stress, while complacency can also lead to mistakes. While nurse fatigue is commonly cited caused of drug errors, others include illegible physicians handwriting. Drug error s also miscalculations, over-dosing and under-dosing. Checking calculations and identifying any shortfall in your knowledge is a qualified ensures to keepfrom making a mistake.In 1995, the FDA established the black box warning system which alert the prescribers to drugs or drug products with increased or serious adverse reactions or potential safety hazards, or those that may cause serious harm or death. It appears on the prescription drug label to call attention to the seriousness or life-threatening risks of the drugs being used. Before a drug can be used in the United States, the drug manufacturers and other research organization that develops a drug must show the FDA results of testing of the drug true before it used by patients. The Barcode Medication Administration system (BCMA) is an electronic program used by the nursing department.The nurse is able to validate and scroll the administration of medications by using a computer and barcode scanner, which is linked by a wirele ss network to the electronic MARS. BCMA is an integral part of the health inscribe all information is documented with a time stamp for improved accuracy of clinical information. An alert is sent if the scanned medication does not match the medication order for the patient. Another method used is automatic medication dispensing system, which are computerized systems that allow nurses to access client medication by using a watchword to enter the system. The computer controls and manages the distribution of drugs.References1. Comprehensive Nursing Care, Revised 2nd Edition. (2012). Ramont, Reberta P. Niedringhaus, Dolores M. Towle, Mary A. 2. Medication Error Reports. (2009). Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved May 19, 2013, from www. Fda.gov/Drug Safety/Medication Errors 3. Medication errors, handoff process and information quality. Chiru, Alina M Baxter, Ryan. Business Process Management Journal 19.2, (2003) 2011-2016

Introduction to Communications Research

dewy-eyed contain one independent and one dependent variable. . Testable the ability to test the descent among variables must be clear. 4. Useful should provide new 3 criteria for monotheistic causal relationships 1 . Variables are correlated I. E. Describes statistical relationship between 2 variables 2. The cause takes place before the effect (post hoc ergo proper hoc) 3. The relationship between variables is non-spurious Monotheistic explanation is probabilistic in nature and is usually incomplete. Exceptions do not repel a demonstrated monotheistic causal relationships. Causal relationships can exist even if they do not apply to the majority of cases.longitudinal Studies Cross-sectional Studies Observations taken at single point in time. Explanation come abouts by examining differences across the units of analysis (hopefully representative of population). Less expensive, but harder to establish cause and effect. Observations are taken more than once. Explanation occurs by ex amining differences across time. More expensive, but easier to provide sense of cause and effect. Trend Studies Examines changes in a population across time. Investigator samples randomly from a population over time, with different individuals constituting each sample. Hard to understand WHY change occurred as participants differ. cohort Studies A type of longitudinal research where an tec randomly samples from a but cause and effect still hard to show as surveys change. Cohort Analysis Any study in which some characteristic of one or more cohorts is metric at two or more times. Cohort a group of people who are linked by some common characteristic of life event. Panel Studies A longitudinal study that dig intos changes in individuals across time. Panel studies provide the opportunity for more in-depth analysis. Each study collects data from he identical individuals. Longitudinal panel studies are expensive but informative forms of research. One must account for abrasion as each wave of data is collected from the panel. Reduce attrition by preparation and persistence.Disadvantages of Longitudinal Studies 1. By the time the study is complete, the original measures entrust have become outmoded, and the overall social scene will have changed. Critics will question if the findings are relevant. 2. Longitudinal researchers have to accept postponed gratification. 3. Difficult to unshakable funding for longitudinal studies because funding iodides lots press for measures relevant for cross-sectional questions, rather than longitudinal analysis. 4. Because of their expense, it will always be necessary to plan for multiple uses, and this carries the danger of not addressing any question thoroughly. 5. corrasion over time is an ever-present hazard.Advantages of Longitudinal Studies 1 . They allow an accurate time ordering of events to discover address monotheistic causation. 2. They allow the study of within-individual change ? a more powerful causal analyses t han cross-sectional surveys. 3. Because these are multiple data mints, they provide a better leverage on the handling of wanting(p) data Week 5 Experimental image 1 19th and 20th century clear experimentation 0 Practice of holding everything constant except the one variable under consideration. 0 Not controlling all potential variables, but rather manipulating levels of selected independent variables in order to examine their influence on dependent variables.Control observational design controls background variability so that systematic set up of treatments can be observed. 1. Control by matching Some sources of variation may be eliminated by matching, which limits inerrability However matching is only possible on known and observable characteristics and perfect matching is never possible 2. Control by randomization Converts of all irrelevant sources of possible systematic variability into unsystematic variability (random error) Like life insurance, a precaution against disturb ances that may or may not occur and that may or may not be serious if they do occur 3. Control by statistical adjustment Uses statistical relations to simulate matching and increase precision.Week 6 Experimental Design 2 Design Total experimental plan or structure of experimental research. Pre-test The initial watching of DVD among subjects (prior to V). Post-test The measurement of DVD among subjects (after introduction of V). Laboratory Experiments vs. Field Experiments Ecological validity Hawthorne Effect where subjects expurgate their behavior because they know they are being studied. As such, field experiments are often non-reactive. But often results in lack of control, as intervening variables might affect the precision of the experiment. Pre-experiments designs follow basic experimental steps but fail to include a control group or random assignment. One-Shot nerve Study One-Group Pre-Test-Post-Test Design

Promoting National Unity in Sri Lanka Through Education

It took triad decades of war, ethnic conflict and loss of thousands of lives for Sri Lankans to realize the importance of wizard. Sri Lanka now stands in a position where the country is gradually recovering from brutal wounds of war and this is high time for the nation to emotional responsibility into aspects of promoting unity among diverse cultures and ethnic groups to avoid the reoccurrence of such a tragedy. One way of achieving unity among assorted ethnic groups is through with(predicate) training. Enlightenment of the nation about the importance of unity merchant ship only be come upond by educating volume.This essay allow for analyze the ways of achieving unity through education with relation to the Sri Lankan society. diction is a powerful tool which can be used to compass mutual disposition among cultures. It can also be used to sh atomic number 18 knowledge. So it is important to break language barriers mingled with people in order to bridge them through comm unication. As the 20 million population of Sri Lanka consists of people be to diverse ethnic groups where, more than one language is used, it is important to promote a trilingual education placement, provided the most widely spoken languages in Sri Lanka being Sinhala, English and Tamil.The learning of all aforementioned languages should be made compulsory at primary level. Education in seclude aims should be offered in all three mediums and the equal importance of these languages should be emphasized. The adaptation of a trilingual policy in education volition facilitate the access to cultural texts and knowledge and promote unity through interactions between students where, mutual understanding can be achieved. Equal importance to all the cultures should be given and students should be educated to assess the customs and traditions of other cultures and religions or racial groups.Once steps are taken to break the language barrier, interactions between students from all parts of the country should be promoted. This could be done through extracurricular activities such as organizing cultural festivals and organizing field trips where students from the North can visit schools in the south and vice versa. Also schools could hold up together on joint ventures or projects where students will get opportunities to make new friends. The system of schools round the country should be linked to acilitate the knowledge sharing g process and this could be done through the implementation of a common platform, for an example as a social network among schools for sharing ideas and knowledge. content coherence will be achieved through interaction of cultures and this will promote national unity. The education system should be reformed to promote divergent thinking and it is important to change the attitudes of students from the contemporary social views of attributing a person to a specific nationality (Sinhalese, Muslim or Tamil) to attributing people to the common n ationality of Sri Lankan.This should be taught at the school level so that future generations will hopefully have a various but commanding attitude towards other cultures besides their culture. Promotion of learning cultural studies and peace and conflict studies as a linked subject at secondary and third levels where students will be given transfer scholarships to different areas of the country to study about culture and traditions of a particular ethnic group and also be given opportunity to study and research about post conflict consequences.Creation of a platform for tertiary level students to present findings from their researches to help the process of national decision making, this can be achieved by creating partnerships with state universities and the assistance of university academics can also be used in national policy making with regards to reconciliation.In my opinion, the to a higher place four factors, Adopting a trilingual policy and Promotion of learning cultural studies and peace and conflict studies as a linked subject at secondary and tertiary levels interactions among students, promoting the concept of a common nationality and are the most important to be considered when achieving national unity through education. Concentrating on the entailment of two of the supra factors in achieving national development, the adaptation of a trilingual policy plays key role in this narrative.As unity is promoted through mutual understanding, individuals can unite and work together towards attaining national development. Since equal significance will be given to all the nationalities and thereby language and cultural disputes will be solved and the reoccurrence of a tragedy such as the ethnic conflict which crippled the Sri Lankan economy will not take place.Peace is the most important factor to achieve national development, for a war torn country, achieving economic perceptual constancy would be a mere dream. As for the importance of interactions be tween people for national development, it can be stated that greater interaction between diverse groups of people facilitates the process of sharing knowledge in different cultures. This knowledge can be used to develop modern technologies and sciences.Knowledge and the creation of intellectuals who are sustain with rich cultural knowledge can help develop innovations and policies that will help the country achieve economic growth and stability. In conclusion it is to be understood that when considering the above factors, giving equal significance to all ethnic groups, adopting a trilingual policy and developing people to people contacts is important to achieve national unity and national development. As a saying goes, United, we stand, Divided we fall.

Social Contexts and Adolescent Development

How did I become the person I am at once? Is it beca rehearse of the way my p bents raised me? Does it have anything to do with the friends that I had growing up? Could it be that my find outers went above and beyond their content to teach me life lessons? The fact is that I had many defines in my life including my parents, friends and teachers that led me take d aver the path to become the grownup I am today. The numerous social contexts that I have encountered in my life each had their own part in contributing to my behaviors, personality, beliefs, goals and essentially every part of my being.As an teenager, and up to now as an adult, much of the information and guidance I have received about achieving adult term was acquired from my parents. I am very fortunate to have parents who have made such a compulsive impact on my life. As an adolescent, I did not always get along with my parents. They were very tight and I was much angry with them for not letting me have as much freedom as my friends. I can still hear my mom saying, If your friends jumped off a bridge, would you? Now, as an adult, I get word that they really were just travailing to look out for me.As far as preparing me for adulthood, my parents encouraged me to always do my best. My parents taught me that hard work is heavy and not only when did they talk the talk, but they walked the walk. They led by example, and because of them I have an excellent work ethic which will be useful when I begin my pedagogy career (which I hope is very soon). many an(prenominal) adolescents do not look to their parents for information and guidance. They often feel like their parents do not take care them or their problems.As a teacher, I can try to help foster strong relationships between parents and students by providing support for those families who indispensability it. I can earmark parents with information about raising adolescents as it can be a very tough duration with their child exhalat ion through so many changes. As far as the students are concerned, I can encourage them to go to their parents for advice and let them go to bed that their parents are smarter than they think. I can even provide them with examples from my own life where my parents gave me excellent advice, even though I didnt think that at the time.Another prestigious source of information and guidance in my adolescent years was that of my middle and noble school teachers. In fact, hotshot of the reasons that I chose teaching as a career was because of the positive interactions that I had with many of my own teachers. My favorite teachers were the ones who taught me how to be a better person, not just a better student. They had high expectations, taught organizational skills, encouraged self initiative, and provided guidance and advice outside of the content.I felt like they were always open to help in any situation. I compliments my students to understand that teachers can make a make a macr oscopic difference in their life. I necessitate them to slam that they can always come to me when they have a problem and that I will always try my best to help them find a solution. I hope to teach them skills that they can use after they leave my classroom. I want what I teach them to stay with them forever, not just while I am their teacher. I overly think it is important that they are encouraged to have relationships with other teachers, not just myself.All teachers have experienced adolescence, and each one of us brings something different to the table. If I am not able to help a student with a problem, then I can point them to someone who can. In typical adolescent fashion, I was too very warpd by my peers. While it may not seem that adolescent peers would provide much information and guidance for reaching adult status that is just simply not true. Interactions with my peers taught me about handling conflict, considering others, and fashioning decisions. These peer exper iences prepared me for similar situations that I would encounter as an adult.I think that peer interactions are so important to adolescents because at this stage in their development much of their behavior is influenced mostly by their peers. As a teacher, I want to teach my students how to use interactions with their peers in a positive manner. I want to foster strong relationships in the classroom, so that students can use the characteristics of these relationships to build new relationships. I want my students to know that they can learn a lot from their friends, both good and bad. The important thing for them is to know how to separate the good from the bad, and learn rom their mistakes, as well as the mistakes of others. A context that touch on both peers and teachers and one in which I learned many skills and responsibilities required for achieving adult status was high school marching band. Being a part of band taught me many skills that were necessary for attaining adult st atus. sensation of the most obvious skills that comes from being in band is teamwork. I also learned confidence and pride. commitment was also necessary because we put so much time into practicing and performing. One of the most difficult lessons was teaching that we could not always come in first place.This lesson is very helpful because as an adult, because I am not going to get every job I apply for. Learning to keep going when we feel defeated is very important. I want to encourage my students to participate in extracurricular activities, whether it be band, sports or other clubs. Students should have the opportunities to learn these skills that come from being a part of something. I them to know that when I look back at my adolescent years, the thing I miss the most are the activities such as band, school musicals and community service clubs.Though I am not active in church as an adult, it was definitely one of the social contexts that had a great influence on who I am. There are so many lessons that one learns at church that can be employ to life. Going to church introduced me to being a part of something greater than myself and gave me the opportunity to express my beliefs. While I am not able to bring religion into the school setting, I can still cue my students that organizations that they are a part of can provide much information and guidance in decent an adult. I can encourage them to stand strong in what they believe in, but to also watch the beliefs of others.In this day and age, it would fair much be impossible for the media to not have any influence on the development of adolescents. However, I would say that in my own personal experience media had a part, but only a small part, in informing and guiding me from adolescence into adulthood. One of the reasons that media was not a big influence in my life goes back to how strict my parents were. I was not allowed to watch a lot of telly or listen to a lot of music. My time on the computer w as very limited. All of my interactions with media were monitored pretty closely.Unfortunately, most adolescents in todays world have entirely too much media influence. Many students have their own smart phones which gives them access to pretty much anything they want access to. Television and movies that are geared toward adolescents are more risque than they were a decade ago. As a teacher I think it is important that I warn students of the negative impacts that media can have on their development. However, media can also impact students in a positive way if used correctly. I would like to teach my students how to use media to research important topics that can help them grow into knowledgeable young adults.If media is a big influence in their life, I want to make sure that it is a positive influence. I think my experiences as an adolescent are still relevant to the lives of adolescents today. While my experiences as an adolescent took place more than a decade ago, adolescents in todays world continue to encounter many of the same situations of the past. peer pressure still exists and takes a toll on the decision making of adolescents when it comes to risky behaviors such as drinking, drugs and sex. The interaction and conflict that they have with their parents, is very similar to the interactions that I experienced with my own parents.I felt the need for independence, just as they do. The emotions that I encountered as an adolescent are still experienced by adolescents today. I went through heartbreak, making new and losing old friends, the desire to be popular, and trying to impress others. Our world has changed enormously over the past decade, but the issues of adolescence as well as adolescent development have move to remain the same. Having experienced the years of adolescence myself, along with the education I have received about adolescent development, I believe that I can have a positive influence on the lives of my students.Helping my students un derstand that they are in control of who they become is one of my top priorities. I can accomplish this by teaching them to be open to information and guidance from the many social contexts in their life, and emphasizing instruction on the positive aspects of the various influences. I also believe that it is important for me to share how I was influenced by many different contexts in my own life. I would hope that this would help me connect with my students and lead them to attaining adult status using what they learn from the many contexts in their own life.

Why the Book Was Written

Thesis Elizabeth Johnson wrote the book Consider delivery boy Waves of Renewal in Christology because she wanted to present the changes happening in Christology. Elizabeth Johnsons book, Consider Jesus Waves of Renewal in Christology book is ordered according to various waves in 20th century Catholic Christology, using these movements as starting points to discuss various areas of historical god as well. This is based on an historical overview that interprets the level of Catholic Christology as that of a living tradition, always developing in new directions.Chapter six, on emission Christology, Johnson uses this opportunity to portray the either-or aspect of the person of Jesus, making it clear that the historical Jesus was neither hardly a wise sage nor merely a god in heaven . When it comes to the situation of the poor, she says, neutrality is not possible (94), particularly since Jesus is the liberator of the poor, as he said when he began his ministry.Johnson goes into the area of theology on which she has had the most influence, feminist theology In addition, she points out that during Jesus ministry, especially during the crucifixion and resurrection, women acted as faithful apostles in ways that men often did not. In her preface she states the function was to present the natural rethinking taking place in Christology to persons who are actively involved in ministries in the church or who are seeking greater understanding of their faith. based on this statement I think her purpose for writing this book is to help give believers an open mind in the different areas of Christology.